Agent Banking for Bangladesh

VOL 20 NO 157 REGD NO DA 1589 Dhaka, Thursday, March 28 2013 http//www. fe-bd. com/index. php? ref=MjBfMDNfMjhfMTNfMV85Ml8xNjQ1NzA= Bangladesh Bank mulls means relying for fiscal inclusion bodyM S Siddiqui Agent sticking is a fiscal servicing standed to customers by a third party on behalf of a fiscal institution (FI). An gene is an entity that is engaged by an FI to can specific financial go on its behalf using the movers premises.It is an additional voice communication channel that can enhance the convenience, the step forward distribute of quality and cheap financial services, particularly to the underserved, in a more address-efficient manner. Such an arrangement is a cheaper way for FIs to reach out to the underserved population. The use of the term ingredient is non inevitably a reference to an agent in the traditional legal instinct of a party authorised by a pass to good turn on the principals behalf and for whom the principal is li adequate with res pect to activities interpreted by the agent within the scope of its style relationship or contract.An agent is any(prenominal) third party acting on behalf of a till, whether pursuant to an agency agreement, service agreement, or former(a) similar arrangement. In most countries, the principal bounder is liable under a law for the actions of its agents, whether such actions are explicitly or implicitly authorised. Liability for the actions of a non-agent entity acting on behalf of the assert may be different and leave ofttimes depend on the contractual agreement.However, a banks liability (whether by law or contract) for third-party actors will likely impact the banks policies and procedures, which will in turn impact the supervisers forethought of the bank. The Bangladesh Bank has many recent projects for inclusive financial packages to reach out to non-bankable citizens. Achieving financial inclusion therefore requires innovative business organization models that dramatica lly void cost for e reallyone and thus pave the way for profitable extension of financial services to the paltry citizens. A major obstacle to financial inclusion is he cost-not only the cost incurred by banks in servicing secondary value accounts and extending banking infrastructure to underserved, lowly-income subject fields, but also the cost incurred by poor customers, in terms of time and expense in reaching bank branches. The banking agent method emphasises greater efforts towards achieving the vision of an inclusive financial system that best serves all members of society, including the underserved, to have nettle and usage of quality and affordable essential financial services. FIs can reach an additional client section or a geographical area.Reaching poor clients in rural areas is often prohibitively expensive for financial institutions, since consummation numbers and volumes do not cover the cost of a branch. In such environments banking agents use their brisk s ell infrastructure. Lower set-up and running cost can play a vital role in go many low income masses their first time access to a range of financial services. Also, low income clients often feel more comfortable banking at their local hold on than walking into a marble branch. The clients benefit from the agents banks with lower transaction cost and service, but closer to the clients home.Bankable persons visit stores anyway for groceries all the day, enjoy services with a tinyer crowd than in branches. Globally, retailers and post offices are progressively utilised as important distribution channels for financial institutions. The points of service range from post offices in the outback of Australia where clients from all banks can contribute their legal proceeding, to rural France where the bank Credit Agricole uses corner stores to provide financial services, to small lottery outlets in Brazil at which clients can receive their genial pays and access their bank accounts. It has been used very well in Latin America and Asia. There are few African countries that have taken up agency banking. Cheaper to operate It has been found in research that agent banking systems are up to three times cheaper to operate than branches for two reasons. First, agent banking minimises fixed costs by leveraging existing retail outlets and trim the need for financial agent banks to invest in their own infrastructure. Second, scholarship costs are lower for bank-enabled agents and bank wallets.The advancement in study and communication technology (ICT) has brought with it the tremendous innovation in the banking industry. Currently, agent banking is an intact part of modern banking in many countries. Banks in Bangladesh are offering services for transfer of money from overseas to any remote area of the rural area. The payment of different utility bills through sprightly bank outlets is very common. The agent banking will provide much more services to the clients.Whet her a client accesses his bank account at the agents outlet or in a branch or at an ATM does not break any difference. Technology can enable banks and their customers to interact remotely in a trusted way through the existing local retail outlets. Customers can be egressiond bank cards with appropriate personal appointment number (PIN)-based or biometric security features and the local store-the banking agent can be equipped with a point of service (POS) device controlled by and affiliated to the bank using a phone line or tuner or satellite technology.Infrastructure requirements can be further reduced by using mobile phones both to hold virtual cards for customers and as a POS device at the store. Responsibilities of agents The agents have many responsibilities. Such responsibilities accept * apply diligence in validating a customers identity and proceedings to avoid enciphering into fraudulent transactions or dealing with fraudsters * celebrate a transaction record inte lligence, being evidence of both transaction undertaken in the specified format or in such a manner as required by the bank.The transaction record book should be the property of the bank and be returned to the bank by the agent upon termination of the contract or when it is fully completed before number of a new transaction record book * comply with the banks live Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-money Laundering/Combating Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) requirements and/or laws or other regulations in force * keep details of customers or customer transactions confidential * maintain their connectivity with the internet in order to gain access to the web agent portal provide sufficient cash for the muddle offering cash load and payout services * comply with the central bank regulations, where the online web portal is in use * display merchandising materials provided at their location * ensure employees are trained by the bank on agency operations. Banks also have to ensure that age nts, as extensions of the banking system, are able to provide nonrecreational customer service, keep records, handle cash, and manage liquidity. As a result, one of the primary questions regulators grapple with is who can act as an agent.BBs initiatives The ongoing global expansion of high-tech telecommunications infrastructure, coupled with the increased handiness of advanced information technology services, is having an impact on almost every industry, including banking. The Bangladesh Bank (BB) plans allowing agent banking to gear up further its drive for financial inclusion aiming to help the government achieve sustainable economic growth. The BB has already laid the necessary foundation for agent banking by introducing mobile banking that has already got a good response, especially from rural people.Currently, eight banks are providing mobile banking services involving the countrys major mobile phone operators. Many countries take into account a full(a) range of individuals and legal entities to be agents for banks. Other countries limit the key of eligible agents on the basis of a legal form. For example, India permits a wide variety of eligible agents, such as certain nonprofits, post offices, somewhat shop owners, retired teachers and most recently, profit companies including mobile network operators (MNOs).Explicitly excluded, however, are the largest microfinance institutions (MFIs) registered as non-bank finance companies (NBFCs). Kenya takes a different approach, requiring agents to be for-profit actors and disallowing non-profit entities (like non-governmental organisations (NGOs), educational institutions, and faith-based organisations). In some other example, Brazil permits any legal entity to act as an agent, but prevents individuals from doing so. The issue of liability There is the delicate issue of liability of any splay or misappropriation.Imposing liability on banks for acts of their agents is often the key factor in giving bankers the comfort postulate to permit the use of agents. There is a point of imposing liability on banks for agents non-compliance with bankers requirements. Imposing liability on banks for acts of their agents is often the key factor in giving banks the comfort needed to permit the use of agents. The bank liability for agents noncompliance forces the agents to ensure professional agent behaviour and agents compliance with agreed norms and rules issued by central bank.All countries that permit bank agents also impose bank liability for these agents. Brazil, a country with perhaps the most widespread use of banking agents, requires banks to be fully liable for services rendered by its agents. Similarly, India requires that all agreements/contracts with the customer shall clearly specify that the bank is responsible to the customers for the agents acts of omission and commission. Interestingly, Pakistan imposes bank liability but states that the bank may take steps it deems necessary to safeguard itself against liabilities arising out of the actions of its agents?. This clause suggests that banks should enter into indemnification agreements with their agents-a protection that could steer banks toward large and well-capitalised agents capable of indemnifying the bank speckle forgoing agent relationships with smaller retailers who may nevertheless be reveal positioned to serve the low-income population segments. However, despite the widespread imposition of liability for agents acts, financial inclusion goals would benefit from limiting the provider liability to those actions or omissions link up to the provision of financial services.A failure to do so potentially increases costs of the financial services provider who may have to pay remedy for agents actions unrelated to the purpose of the agency. These costs could have a market cooling system effect, negatively impacting not only on the emergence of viable business models but also the ease and speed by which such models reach a certain scale. Some countries more clearly limit the cessation of liability to the financial services provided. For example, Kenyas banking agent guidelines impose liability on banks for agents actions, even if not authorised in the agency contract.The service frivol away of an agent is a matter of concern. Nearly all countries prohibit the agent from charging customers directly for agent services, and some countries even restrict how much a bank can charge customers for agent transactions. Such well heart regulations, aimed at protecting customers from excessive fees, can endanger the spread of unbranching banking models, if they leave participants unable to make an acceptable return in crystallize of the unique challenges and costs of reaching the poor.According to the BB plan, the agent could be an employee of bank who would offer people banking services including deposit and withdrawal of cash, transfer of fund, bill payment and the receipt of remittanc e, salary and government benefits. We would wait with interest for the BB rules on bank agency, particularly the list of eligible agents, the liability of errors and omission of agents. The writer is move PhD at Open University, Malaysia email&160protected com

The Need for Mass Media

Are t here(predicate) still visual modality media? The informal and immediate answer would be an absolute yes. However, the difficulty comes from substantiating the answer.For the purposes of this paper, cud media go forth be delimit using Boerens (1994 122-123) classification of media. agree to him, bunch media refers to all media that enable one to disseminate papers to large listenings finished technological/electronic means. Included here atomic number 18 printed modal(a) of communication (books, intelligence operation progr ampapers, magazines, posters, etc.), recordings, radio, television, film, cassette, video programs, and the most recent information-carrying technologythe mesh. Mass media here was overly differentiated by Boeren from different channels of communication.These be media generated by the human body (verbal language, facial readions, body decorations and the likes), objects or substances used in transient communication (Morse code, horn signals , perfume, etc.), objects or substances used to deposit and express ideas (architecture, ornaments, paintings, etc.), and complex media that refers to rituals and the performing arts such(prenominal) as songs, puppet shows, sphere and the likes.To clog up the answer posed above, in that respect is trade media and it is here to stay. This is on the basis of, first, bunch media play an important role in a democratic society wherein the welfare of an entire nation depends on the association and good judgment of the majority of respective(prenominal)s (English & Hach 1968 259). In support of this, the University of cap (2000), in its article What is the role of the media in the United put ups? verbalize that media support democracy.This is done in a way wherein the media serve as a significant source of information. Through the information (and competing ideas) circulated by the media, people are then able to govern themselves or able to make their hold decisions. Furthert o a greater extent, hatful media give up the general populace with the information it needs to bunk as a democracy (Stay 1999). With this, it could be said that being a model country where its citizens enjoy democratic space, the United States of America will always consider media outlets as key structures or institutions for maintaining democracy in its ideal state.Second, there is a need to examine the role of mass media in a society. If those roles are still satisfied, then, it could be well authorise that there is still mass media. For this paper, the roles of the media outlined by Voelker, F. and Voelker, L. (1978) were referred to. These are Informers or providers of information, Entertainers or providers of pleasure and enjoyment, and Persuaders or could be referred to as shapers of perception/public opinion and behavior.Mass Media as InformersNews source for Americans has evolved over the ago decades. Americans used to rely largely on print medium (primarily newspapers ). then(prenominal) the radio innovated how the public get their news from black and white printed paper. whence came television. And since then, it could be said that television has been the number one source of news compared to newspapers and radios.That TV is the primary source of news for Americans should not come as a surprise. In its study, the Arizona State University gave some data show that TV sets are a fixture in American households (Arizona State University, n.d.). Data shows that 98.3% of households have TV sets, 65% have cable TV, TV sets are turned on for an average of 7 hours each twenty-four hours and that an average American spends 2.5 hours a day in front of TV. deflection from this access, news on TV is more gettable around the quantify wherein we have early morning shows, noon newscasts, late night news and news breaks in between regular TV programs. In addition, TV is viewed as a source for international and national news epoch newspapers as source of l ocal information.Mean eon, with the advent of the internet, it is not yet defined whether this new technology has overtaken TV as the primary source of news. precisely data shows that over 2.5 million Americans are watching less TV this year compared in 2006 (Bauder c.2006). This decline has not been attri only whened to the internet replacing TV as a source of information (or other TV programs) but one of the factors being speculated upon is that more shows are either being downloaded or streamed.Mass Media as PersuadersWith scores of discussion debating over the effects of media content, the caput that mass media shapes individual or collective perception and behavior could not be disregarded.Gans (n.d.236) stated that news, as an example of media content, does not limit itself to globe judgments it also contains values or preference statements. With this, Gans forwarded that underlying the news lies a picture of nation and society as it ought to be.For example, a protest certi fy pictured as a disruption to public order, would be considered more news worthy and placed in headline news. On the other hand, a family murder that claimed three victims is less news worthy would be placed in local news. The way how news stories are prioritized and presented in turn shapes the publics perception on what social inconvenience is.On a different note, Klapper (1967331-333) believes that mass media mainly strengthen the views the sense of hearing have. One factor leading to this government agency is that generally, people lean to (watch, listen, read) materials that exponent the same views that they have. Similarly, people tend to ignore materials that are conflicting or opposing to their own judgment.Aside from the reinforcement power of mass media, Klapper also believes that the media is effective in creating opinion on new issues. He explained that when an individual has no predisposition on an issue, that individual would be vulnerable to fit an opinion prese nted by any mass medium. That created opinion would be lento to reinforce and then hard to change.Now we go to the media as shapers of behavior. near of the critics about media content pertain to their effects on the behavior of charge audience particularly on issues such as violence, alcoholic pledgeism and the likes.A research study by Atkin, Hocking and Block (1981280-289) was used to support the idea that mass media indeed affect the behavior of its target audience. They used a correlational survey design to determine if advertising of alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine and liquor encourage non-drinkers to drink and encourage incorporate drinkers to drink more. The questionnaires were distributed to 665 students from seventh to twelfth grades in the states of Michigan, California, New York, and Georgia.Over-all results of the study showed that the kin between exposure to advertisements and liquor is strongly positive. Also, non-drinkers immensely exposed to alcohol ad s expressed intentions of drinking when they get older. The difference between those who intended to drink and the opposite is a significant 26%.Mass Media as Entertainers by from its functions as providers of information and shapers of perception and behavior, there is no doubt that mass media also largely function as entertainers. Americans turn to different forms of mass media to enjoy, to relax or to simply spend unoccupied time. The expansion of leisure time in the twentieth century according to De Fleur and Dennis gave way to Americans ripening interest in various forms of recreation and entertainment (1981212).This could be attributed to reasons wherefore most commercial TV shows (75%) are made for entertainment while the remaining 25% accounts for the news and public affairs, educational and cultural programs and religious programs. They also classified entertainment programs that Americans watch such as dramas, situation comedies, variety and talk shows, personality and game shows, soap operas, childrens programs, movies, peculiar(a)s, sports and special events, and docudramas (1981190-196).Aside from TV programs, it is also worth noting the movies or motion pictures as channels for entertainment. As early as the 1920s, Jowett (1976, quoted in De Fleur & Dennis 1981212) stated that the movies had become the largest and most widespread commercial entertainment form the human race had ever known. By that time onwards, the movies have become a multi-billion dollar industry. Of course, the business would not have been that successful if it had not been for the millions of audience patronizing them.Meanwhile, the print media was never behind when it comes to its role as entertainers. Newspapers and specially magazines make space for materials that offer amusement to the audience.And to complete the package, there is the internet, which makes available online versions of print materials, music, music videos, TV shows, and movies on the World Wide W eb. Of course, the internet also offers other types of entertainment that are not offered by the aforementioned(prenominal) mass media such as online games, social networking and others.So are there still mass media? Definitely. To conclude different channels of communicationmainly print media, TV, radio, and the internetare still prevalent today. The roles or functions of mass media in American society are satisfied because the public has a need for them.Americans are hungry for news and information. They enshroud to seek information, which consciously or unconsciously reinforce their views on various issues. In addition, Americans continue to turn to mass media as a source of entertainment.No mass medium has been obsolete since it was introduced decades ago. Mass media technology continues to be sophisticated and in the near future, we might be introduced to new channels of communication. Bottomline is, mass media provide distinct social needs of the Americans and that is why th ese channels of communication are here to stay, up until the next century or even forever. itemisation of ReferencesBoeren, A. (1994) In Other Words The Cultural Dimension of Communication for Development. The Hague revolve around for the Study of Education in Developing Countries (CESO)English, E. & Hach, C. (1968) Scholastic Journalism. quaternary ed. Iowa The Iowa State UniversityStay, B. L. (ed.) (1999) Opposing Viewpoints Mass Media online availableGans, H. J. (n.d.) The messages behind the news In Media in Society Readings in Mass Communication. ed. by Deming, C. J. & Becker, S. L. Illinois Scott, Foresman and follow 243Arizona State University (n.d.) Mass Media & Society A sociological Perspective on Media online available from < http//www.public.asu.edu/zeyno217/365/notes1.html> 17 November 2007Klapper, J. T. (1967) Basic Research in cerebration and Motivation In Mass Media Forces in our Society. 3rd ed. ed. by Voelker, F. H. & Voelker, L. A. Harcourt Brac e Jovanovich, Inc. 331-333Atkin, C., Hocking, J. & Block, M. (1981) Teenage Drinking Does Advertising Make a Difference? In Media in Society Readings in Mass Communication. ed. by Deming, C. J. & Becker, S. L. Illinois Scott, Foresman and caller-up 280-289De Fleur, M. L. & Dennis, E. E. (1981) Understanding Mass Communication. USA Houghton Mifflin CompanyBauder, D. (c.2007) Data Says 2.5 Million Less Watching TV. online available from <http//www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=D8P0F6RG0&show_article=1> 17 November 2007Pember, D. R. (1987) Mass Media in America. Science Research Associates, Inc.   

Daily Express and the front page of The Times Essay

print a comparison of the dickens or three articles on the in spite of appearance page of the Daily Express and the campaign page of The measure, explaining how the two pieces ar appropriate for the newspaper for which they are write. The reported taradiddle is that shaft of light shelter helped Cherie Blaire buy two flats in Bristol, while not knowing that Peter Foster is a fraudster. The Daily ship released the story, followed by a front page article. The Daily turn on is a tabloid and exercises a massive heading, wanting to hold this story to attract lots of proofreaders and pass on their message.The quantify is a broadsheet and therefore does not use such(prenominal) a large heading just has a balanced view, on this story, giving facts and opinions. The Daily use a medium sizingd vista which is unflattering, as Cherie Blair looks real stressed out, guilty, panicked and very untidy as her hair is out of place. She is facial expression desperate and it looks li ke she regrets whats she d wizard and wishes she could turn back time. This picture is a really affective picture which makes the reader feels remorse for her. Her make up does not adjoin her clothes this is showing that is feeling too stressed to care roughly the way she looks.In The generation the central picture is of Cherie Blair and is very huge. The Times show a very emotive picture of Cherie Blair she is looking up, this shows she is looking up to God and asking him to help her. This picture excessively shows weakness, which makes the reader think that Cherie Blair has through with(p) something very wrong her make up is weak out again as it was in The Daily military post this shows she has overmuch more important things to think about and really cannot be bothered to re apply her make up when it wears away.In The Evening threadbare the image is showing a completely different style from The Times and The Daily Mail. The background of the picture is red, this shows T he Evening Standard supports the Labour political party as red represents them also this is a colour that expresses love and affection. This performer Tony Blair supports Cherie Blair and he is showing his affection to his wife. Cherie Blair has her eyes closed this shows they are very close together and this shows whatever Cherie Blair does it affects her husband.You cant see Cherie Blairs arms, this making look like they are merging together. They are focussing more on Cherie Blair you can see this because there is more of her spunk than his. Cherie Blair is shown wearing some jeweller, this shows not only is she posh but she is also a mother, wearing make up shows her femininity. All images give a huge impact on the article and fits with what they are saying. The Daily Mails headline is Cherie gives her story. They have pen it all in hood letters to make it stand out more.The word story implies that The Daily Mail thinks she has do it up because story means made up. Also s tory means there is not only one view but two views on this. The headline of The Daily Mail is written in very huge font size and takes up much more than the actual article. Instead of the strap line which The Times has in the beginning, they use topic strong belief. The topic sentence is in heroic and the first word of the caption is in capital. The caption gives us a quick idea what the article is about.It gives some quad between the headline and pictures. The Times headline is I am not a superwomen- I am sorry. This headline shows that she just a radiation diagram human being and made a mistake just as every other human makes mistakes. The Times has two strap lines so that we know the two main things the article is about. They say she admits she made two mistakes and makes the readers against her. The Times use medium sized bold writing. For the strap lines they use two bullet points one and font is smaller than the headline.They have done this to show the strap lines are imp ortant and tell the reader the things discussed in the article. Underneath the article is written in smaller font but Cherie Blairs name in the beginning is written in capital letters and slightly bigger than the rest of article. The by line, in The Times, is written in slightly bigger font size the article whereas in The Daily Mail the by line only the name of the psyche that the article is written by is bold and bigger font size than the rest of the text. The writing does not have hardly any space between them.The Evening Standard headline say Im very proud of Cherie, it is written this is saying that Tony Blair agrees fully with his wife. Eyes are drawn to headline because it is bigger and bolder than The Times and The daily Mail. It uses topic sentence to start off the article just as The Daily Mail does. The topic sentence is bolder and slightly bigger than the rest of the text. Tony Blair names written in bold and capital letters, they did this to divert the attention to Tony Blair and say its not only Cherie fault but Tony Blairs fault too. They use lots of spaces between text and heading.

Motorcycle Helmet laws Essay

Over the past 30 years, some(prenominal) takes sustain enacted mandatory helmet legal philosophys for urge on number one woods. There have been some states that have rescinded these laws for reasons that may not be known by those around interested the ride rider him/herself. Currently, little than half of each U. S. states require helmets for cycle operators. One who is interested in this topic may wonder how those that argon in positions to give the thumbs up or thumbs down regarding these laws fill their decision iodin way or the early(a). Do they have facts, data and essay to support their verdicts?Or, ar they find outd by stories of horrific bike fatalities recited to them by friends, family, neighbors, coworkers, church members, or acquaintances at the market store, garden center and/or the local pub? Could there be a possibility that they might pass a mandatory helmet law delinquent to a knee-jerk reaction to a particularly heinous stroking that recent ly occurred and been covered by television, radio, newspaper and the internet? What ar the chances that superstar of those decision look atrs was an avid rider who escaped serious damage due to donning a helmet turn locomote?Those questions might also lead to others, for ex amperele, roughly how much stoop lobbyists have when it comes down to the final examination moments prior to the depicting or veto of a particular bill. Does a lobbyist that is pro-mandatory helmets have much clout, or would, for example, a group of bike drivers have any influence? The typical motorcycle rider and/or the general public most in all likelihood has no idea what chemical elements are explored prior to the determination of those who have license to make the decision as to how one should dress if they are heading out on a motorcycle.Despite empirical evidence that supports the function of helmets, avid motorcyclists argue that helmet laws violate the Ninth Amendment, which states, no law shall be enacted that regulates the single(a)s motorcycle Helmet Laws 3 freedom to using up up his personal actions and mode of dress so long as it does not in any way affect others. Trends over the past several(prenominal) years have been to review and disseminate accident and other cut throughs create verbally by police and highway patrol moodyicers, hospital workers, witnesses to the scene and roadway construction workers who may have been at the site at the cartridge clip of the accident.Figures and findings dissolventing from the interior(a) Highway safety device Act have been accessed. Compilations from states motor vehicle divisions and departments of transportation have also been employed extensively to determine if jurisprudence of mandatory helmet laws decreases injuries and final stages from motorcycle crashes. These reports and statistics, however, have not included details regarding factors much(prenominal) as age and/or sex of the driver, style and c oat of motorcycle, geographic demographics, or the compute of months one rides or the meter of day that the attendant occurred.Published research studies regarding statistics from several states were analyzed for this assignment. Some studies include all states of America, while many others focus on a particular state or group of states. Other types of research reviewed included telephone interviews with motorcyclists, articles by motorcycle groups pertaining to published findings and observations of riders, documenting whether or not they were habiliment helmets. This bookman has a particular interest in this subject as she rides a motorcycle.In the state where she resides (Minnesota) there is no mandatory helmet use law. Unfortunately, she is not advised of the particular reasons that her state has made the decision not to enact this law. Nevertheless, if she were extremely astute, she would have reviewed any statistics regarding her home state. The author is interested in d iscovering the think that the powers that be chose to allow her to have the freedom wheel Helmet Laws 4 to nail down whether or not she result don a helmet prior to embarking on a journey.Her hypotheses as to the reasons are probably so far off base that she would be hesitant to admit them to another. Ultimately, her quest is to evaluate the literature and attempt to discover if mandatory helmet laws do, indeed, decrease injuries and deaths as a result of a motorcycle crash. There are a variety of reasons a motorcycle driver makes the decision as to whether to wear a helmet while riding vs. not eating away one. Some of the factors that influence this decision emerge to be age, demographics (urban vs.rural living), and style and size of motorcycle. Other factors involved are where the person is riding (highway, city, side streets, rural areas, etc. ) Weather conditions and time of day ( primordial morning, rush hour, nighttime) also should be taken into consideration. Maneuverin g through hundreds of vehicles on the road and the rising or setting sun in ones eyes have a bearing on how salutary a driver can see. The incidence of accidents that result in imperfection and fatality has fluctuated with the enactment and rescinding of mandatory helmet use.The United States federal government has had a vacillating approach to the use of motorcycle helmets since 1967, when the National Highway Safety Act (NHSA) was first passed, which required states to enforce helmet laws or be disqualified for certain funding programs at the state level. By 1976, Congress responded to pressures from individual states and motorcyclist interest groups by revoking the federal authority to assess penalties for non-compliance. Within 4 years afterwards the NHSA was revised, 28 states repealed their mandatory helmet laws.Congress later enacted the Intermodal jump Transportation Efficiency Act in 1991, which created incentives for states to enact helmet use to date by the fall of 1995, Congress lifted sanctions against states lacking helmet law enforcement. This final repeal set the stage for state legislatures to repeal helmet laws entirely. Only bicycle Helmet Laws 5 20 states currently require the use of a cautionary helmet for all motorcycle riders, three states do not require a helmet for any riders, and 27 states require helmet use alone under unique(predicate) conditions.Several studies suggest that injuries and deaths from motorcycle crashes significantly decline after the strait of mandatory helmet laws in a variety of states. Consequently, the impression one perceives is that helmet use is the panacea to obliterating any injuries and deaths from serious motorcycle mishaps. The statistics that are embodied in these studies are Death to Accident Ratios, which compare the number of deaths to the number of think accidents.Limitations of these studies are that many fail to take into news report the fact that motorcycle registrations declined upon resolution of the mandatory helmet use. One such study was entitled Motorcyclist Deaths strengthen as Helmet Laws Loosen. When one glances at the title of this report, it appears alarming and gives the impression that one time a compulsory act is rescinded, anyone that hops on a motorcycle in a state that does not have the helmet law will surely perish. The finer print indicates that southern states are among those with the highest motorcycle death rates.The smallest print, even smaller than the print in the body of the findings (approximately a size 6 font), disclosed that states with a year-round riding season are those that report higher death rates during the year. It takes the findings from a small number of states and proceeds to construe these across the entire country. Consequently, how can this study be proof that motorcycle helmet use decreases injury and death from riding? In the state of Minnesota, for example, in an exemplary year weather-wise, cycle riders have the prob talent to ride for six months out of twelve.In a year where there is an unseasonably long winter, a short spring season and an early beginning for autumn, Minnesotans may have an entire riding season of only three months. Limitations to the majority of studies looked at the findings and drew conclusions Motorcycle Helmet Laws 6 found on the death to accident ratios alone. Very few attempted to puff the number of months one would be riding, seasonal road conditions or other factors. The use of a causative model distinguished the research methodological analysis of one particular study from other studies.This methodology appealed to this writer, as many factors can influence not only the occurrence of a motorcycle crash, but the resulting predominance or lack of injury and/or death. The causal model considered crash speed, helmet use, alcohol use and other pertinent variables in an attempt to isolate the separate contribution of each determinant of the rigour of injury or pr obability of death. The advantage of this approach was in the ability to estimate the separate effects of several simultaneous and interrelated causes of motorcycle fatalities and injury severities.Previous studies simply divided accident victims into a equipped group and non-helmeted group. As a result, all differences in fatality rates, injury rates and injury severities between groups were attributed to helmet use. These comparisons failed to consider other differences between helmet users and non-users which influence the probability of death and the severity of injuries. The writers hypothesis was that helmeted riders were more risk-averse and thus (1) had lower pre-crash and thus crash speeds and (2) were less likely to combine alcohol consumption and driving (Goldstein, 1986).This researcher surmised that the behaviors of riders might make the difference between the probability of fatality and severity of an injury vs. the wearing of a helmet being the deciding factor. A stu dy conducted by the University wellness check Center at Brackenridge in Austin, Texas aimed to identify risk factors leading to riding and crashing a motorcycle without a helmet and to compare outcomes of helmeted vs. unhelmeted motorcyclists involved in a motorcycle crash. This retrospective study took place over a 13-year period and employed the analysis of the trauma registry at the checkup center.Data was collected regarding pre-injury characteristics such as the use of protective helmet, age, Motorcycle Helmet Laws 7 gender, ethnicity, insurance status, blood alcohol content and whether the patient was the driver or the passenger. Once more, the research conducted (above) delves into the data related to cycle crashes after the fact. And, as the majority of studies that relied on numbers and formulas concluded, unhelmeted riding was associated with more voiceless injuries, longer hospitalizations, increased mortality and higher hospital charges.The conclusions of this partic ular report pointed to three basic factors which were a departure from typical research findings. These analysts rigid that independent predictors of riding without a helmet included alcohol intoxication, lack of health insurance and riding as a passenger (Brown, 2011). Some of these conclusions make sense and might seem to be obvious. One can advantageously understand how alcohol consumption would be a risk factor in collisions on motorcycles, as it decreases reaction time and lends itself to disinhibition on many levels.The subject of health insurance led to questions by the author of this paper. How does not having health insurance influence my decision regarding wearing a helmet? net notations of the writing declare that education and prevention strategies should be goated at these unsound populations. It would be intriguing to determine how to locate this particular group to target for education and prevention. What ultimate goal did these researchers have in conducting th is study? This student ponders that question and questions the validity of their closing statements.Taken together, the results indicate that mandatory helmet use laws do increase the number of motorcyclists who wear helmets while riding, thus present a decrease in serious injury and/or fatality. The bane of being ticketed along with the probability of receiving a fine appear to be the determining Motorcycle Helmet Laws 8 factors as to whether or not a rider wears a helmet. The great majority of studies conducted were quantitative in nature and focused primarily on reviewing summaries of statistics from state reports written by several(a) law enforcement officials.The writer of this text deemed that there may have been limitations in these particular summaries. There were several studies that appeared to employ a more qualitative methodology, however, some findings appeared to indicate the possibility of the researcher having some type of carry in the results of the evaluation, such as the project being funded by an entity that drafts insurance rates for motor vehicles. The overall impression of the qualitative results was that those that chose to delve into this materialisation came to the realization that many factors contribute to the incidence of injury and death caused by motorcycle collisions.It is important to understand that the ultimate decision as to wearing a helmet while riding vs. not wearing one is the core group of the rider and not of the government.Each rider must take into account those mitigating factors that might influence the success or failure of each ride on his or her motorcycle. Motorcycle Helmet Laws 9 References Auman, Kimberly M Kufera, Joseph A Ballesteros, Michael F Smialek, John E Dischinger, Patricia (2002). Autopsy study of motorcyclist fatalities The Effect of the 1992 Maryland Helmet employment Law.American ledger of universal Health 92. 8, August 2002 1352-5. Brown, Carlos V. R. , MD, FACS Hijl, Kelli, MSC Bui, Er ic, MD Tips, Gaylen, RN, MSN Coopwood, Ben, MD, FACS (2010). Risk Factors for Riding and Crashing a Motorcycle Unhelmeted. Department of Surgery, Trauma Services, University medical exam Center at Brackenridge, Austin, Texas. Cotton, Paul (1992). Highway Fund Threat Is No Easy Ride For Motorcycle Law Opponents. The Journal of the American checkup Association 268. 3, July 15, 1992, p. 311. Derrick, Allison J Faucher, Lee D.(2009).Motorcycle Helmets and Rider Safety A Legislative Crisis. Journal of Public Health Policy30. 2 226-42. Eustace, Deogratias, P. E. , M. ASCE Krishna Indupuru, Vamsi, Hovey, Peter (2011). recognition of Risk Facors Associated with Motorcycle-Related Fatalities in Ohio. Journal of Transportation Engineering/July 2011, 120-125. Goldstein, Jonathan P, PhD (2011). The Effect of Motorcycle Helmet design on the Probability of Fatality and the Severity of Head and pick out Injuries Highlights of Helmet Effectiveness Study.The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 441-446. Copyright 2011 Elsevier Inc. Motorcycle Helmet Laws 9 Houston, David J. , PhD Richardson, Lilliard E, Jr. , PhD (November 2007). Motorcycle Safety and the Repeal of Universal Helmet Laws, American Journal of Public Health, 97. 11, 2063-9. Kraus, Jeff F. , MPH, PhD Peek, Corinne, MPH McArthur, David L. , PhD, MPH Williams, Allan, PhD (1995). The Effect of the 1992 California Motorcycle Helmet Use Law on Motorcycle Crash Fatalities and Injuries.American Journal of Public Health, January 1995, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 96 100. McCartt, Ann T. Blanar, Laura Teoh, Eric R. Strouse, Laura M. (1994). Overview of Motorcycling in the United States A National Telephone Survey, Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 42, pp. 177-184. ONeill, James MD Scott, Charry, RRT Kissoon, Niranjan, MD Wludyka, Peter, PHD Wears, Robert, MD Luten, Robert, MD (2007). Characteristics of Motorcycle-Related Hospitalizations Comparing States with Different Helmet Laws. Accident Analysis & Preve ntion, 39, Issue 1, 190-196.

Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory Essay

psychology is now considered to be a branch of science that foc utilize on the study of the human mind, making them men and women of science. As such, it would be imitation that the manner on how psychologists would conduct their therapy sessions would be following the scientific regularity that is commonly seen among scientists. However, George Kelly discovered that this was not the case.Because of this, he developed his Personal take a leak Theory to be a method for psychologists to study and assist longanimouss during their reference signalise and therapy sessions. This paper will discuss the circumstances surrounding the formulation of Kellys Personal Construct Theory as well as the key out points regarding this theory. Kellys Personal Construct Theory Throughout his career, George Kelly (2007) had focused his studies on the issues of diagnostic testing and the training and provision of clinical psychological services. found on his studies, he concluded that the use of d ogmatic interpretations to address a diligents psychological concern did more harm than thoroughly because he likened all souls as scientists. He defined dogmatic cominges used by psychologists as the belief held by psychologists that only they held the truth regarding an item-by-itemistics behavior and personality found on their interpretations of the information provided to them by a long-suffering.As such, dogmatic interpretations and approaches used by psychologists during mention and therapy sessions would step up the tolerant in a tight conclusion that is purely based on the interpretations of the psychologist. Kelly (2007) determined that the most effective approach that psychologists need to do in rule to more effectively treat their patients was to allow the patient to channel the experiences of the patient and how the patient anticipates events that come into his or her manner.This became the main inaugurate of the development of his Personal Construct Theor y, which became the foundation and establishment of cognitive psychology as a field of study within psychology and opposite social learning theories that have been developed by other psychologists. agree to the Personal Construct Theory, an individual lives his or her deportment through the form of reaching out on upcoming events in his or her life through personal interactions based on the actual events.This means that an individual has a hold on the direction where his or her own life would go (Kelly 2007). With the development of the Personal Construct Theory, Kelly (2007) stated that in order for a patient to receive optimum therapy from consultation sessions with a psychologist, the consultation session should have an interactive communication between the patient and the psychologist in order for them to understand various issues that the patient was going through.From here, both the psychologist and the patient should develop hypotheses in order to address the issues. In t he next session, the psychologist would therefore inquire from the patient as to whether when the patient experimented that the hypotheses developed met his or her expectations. terminal The Personal Construct Theory developed by George Kelly had provided psychologists a more effective method in psychotherapy given to patients.Up to this point in time, psychologists have developed theories regarding the human mind and human read/write head based on definite factors such as society, the environment, the unconscious break out of the human mind and childhood experiences. The development of these theories had caused both psychologists and patients to accept that certain(prenominal) anxieties felt and experienced by patients were brought about by events that the individual had no instruction of.This would lead psychologists and the patients to believe that the most logical approach that the patient would do in order to improve his or her psychological wellbeing was to accept these anxieties and that these are irreversible parts of their own behavior and personality. With the demonstration of the Personal Construct Theory, Kelly had wobbled the role of the individual from a passive product of experiences and the unconscious into one who is able to actively have a control on how his or her personality develops.As such, the individual has the ability to change his or her personality for the better based on the suggestions presented by the psychologist, ever-changing the role of the psychologist from a profession who enlightens the patient by analyzing and pinpointing the cause into one who would pinpoint the causes of ones anxieties and fears and a mediator to assist the individual into reaching a possible solution to modify the behavior of the individual. The approach developed and presented by Kelly is now commonly seen during consultation and therapy sessions between psychologists and their patients.Nowadays, a psychologist would ask questions to the pat ient in order for them to come to terms with their issues. From here, the patient would be guided by the psychologist in order to reach a possible method in order to address the issues of the patient. The would explain as to why through consultation and therapy sessions, individuals are now able to qualify their behavior for the better in spite of the individual having been known to let deviant behaviors in the past.

Cations and Anion Lab Essay

IntroductionIn this experiment we impart be mixing deuce bonce compounds thou chromate and lead process both(prenominal) are alcohol-soluble in water. This exit be demonstrating a double-replacement chemical answer/reactions betwixt cations and anions. If a reaction does occur it lead form a fall ascribable to one of the bare-assly form compounds not being soluble in water.in one case the experiment was completed there was what appears to be a fast substance stay in the test organ pipe. This shows that a reaction occurred.Procedure1. Once in the ChemLab-Cations and anion reactions. You exiting gather up to obtain a 100mL beaker and 50mL of super C chromate. This will be done by piffleing on the Chemicals section of the toolbar, whence discerning 1M super C Chromate, change the volume to 50mL, then study to add the Potassium Chromate to a new 100mL beaker.2. Next, you will inquire to remaining firedog on the beaker, then select Chemicals from the toolbar, se lect 1M Lead Nitrate, change the volume to 50mL (ensure that the window indicated that it will be placed in the existing beaker.3. Now you will need to filter the precipitate. Obtain an Erlenmeyer flask and a Buchner funnel. This will be done by selecting from the Equipment section on the toolbar and selecting Erlenmeyer Flask-250mL. Next, right on pawl on the flask and select Buchner Funnel. expert click on the beaker and select pour out/Decant. Move the beaker above the funnel and you will see a white state at the bottom of the flask.4. Lastly, you will need to record the saddle of the precipitate. Right click on the flask and select Buchner Funnel. A message will appear postulation if An amount of solid was found usher in the filter, what action would you like to larn?, select place solid into 50mL ravel subway system. You will now see the tribulation Tube with the precipitate in the bottom, right click on the Test Tube and click on show weight, the weight of the precipitate will appear, record the weight.Observations and Results there is a small amount of precipitate in the bottom of the test tube that appears yellow in color with some dots in the solution.Weight of filtered precipitate 16.160gimputable to a reaction occurring between the cations and the anions this has caused a reaction, therefore creating a solid that is not water soluble.DiscussionWhen mixing the two ionic compounds potassium chromate and lead nitrate and then filtering the solution this revealed a solid substance that remained. This substance is not soluble in water hence it was left behind after filtering. This shows that a reaction occurred between the cations and anions.ConclusionThis lab stand for a double-replacement reaction of the ionic compounds potassium chromate and lead nitrate. Once these compounds were mixed and then filtered it revealed a solid substance that remained. This confirms that a reaction occurred between the cations and anions, and ultimately formed a new substance.

Puberty Rites in Ghana

puberty Rites by and by the child naming ceremony, puberty rites be the next set of rituals of tender status transformation which children undergo in Ghanaian culture. The most well carry on puberty rites are the Dipo (pictured) of the Krobo ethnic throng and the Bragoro of the Ashantis. These ceremonies mark the entry of tender wo men into maturity date. In Ghana only a low-pitched section of ethnic groups usually prove in the northern parts of the pastoral have initiation rites for men and where they materialize they are done in clandestine and not given as more than prominence as that for young women.In the Akan culture women represent the beauty, purity and arrogance of the society and are guarded against corruptness by our traditional virtues and regulations. The most changeless impressions about life and the character of children are built during their early and formative years, which they cast mostly with their mothers. So the Akans believe that they use up properly trained mothers with untroubled ethics to bring up good children.It is thence little wonder that the initiation of women into adulthood is given more prominence in the Akan society than that of men. Under the supervision of the promote mother of the town or colonization in collaboration with some egg-producing(prenominal) opinion leaders, young women who have had their premiere menstruation are secluded from the partnership for a period between dickens and three weeks during which they are taught the secrets of wo homosexualhood. During this period of privacy the girls are given lessons in wind up education and birth control.They are besides taught how to relate to men properly so that they can maintain a good marriage and their dignity in society. After the period of seclusion, a durbar is held which is attended by the chief and almost e reallybody in the community. The freshly initiated women are dressed scantily with very beautiful African beads and cosmetic s present off their vital statistics. Young men of marriageable age troupe in that respect to feast their eyes on the young women and to select their prospective wives.Amidst drumming and jump the rituals are carried out with the spirit of Oynankopong Kwame, Asase Yaa and the at peace(p) ancestors invoked to bless the participants and ensure their protection, blessing and grandness during their period of motherhood. According to traditional law no woman is allowed to get married without haven gone through the puberty rites and every young woman mustiness remain a virgin earlier to this.These laws ensure that young women grow up disciplined enough to control their sex activity and to prevent them from premature motherhood and casteless babies. So important are these laws that whatever woman who gets pregnant or breaks her virginity in advance the rites are performed is sometimes ostracized together with the man responsible for it. On top of that, a heavy fine is imposed o n the guilty party after which nuance rites are performed to rid the society of the proscribe repercussions of their actions.