Reviewing Arguements Whether Scientific Management

The topic I carry chosen for my essay assignment would be option 1 which is reviewing the arguments for and against the literary argument whether scientific guidance creates efficient organizations. In the origination of today, it has been known that scientific management developed over the years and is applied in the e reallyday unravel life. Frederick Winslow Taylor is the person who discovered scientific management, also known as Taylorism.It is a theory about management that analyses and synthesize the workflow of a work go into but the main objective is to improve the efficiency of the economy, especially in labour party productivity based on five principles as described by Buchanan(2010, pg 423). The first principle of Taylorism is to have A clear division of tasks and responsibilities between management and workers whereby the author Chris Grey(2010, pg 40) disagreed that it was an added advantage to an organization. He described it as a st swangy that transfers the po wer from workers to managers.It reduces autonomy among workers, work conditions and threatened unemployment. It is more of a radical and near complete separation between planning and decision- devising, where managers would muddle the decision temporary hookup workers carry out the order. The outcome of this caused workers to leave their strains and go on strike, time and motion studies were banned in US defence plants and even owners and senior managers were against Taylorism as they think that the system has given the managers a higher say-so than them.The second principle, The use of scientific methods to determine the best way of doing a personal credit line was brought up to a disagreement by Paul Adler where he claims that Taylorism represents a fundamental emancipatory philosophy of a line of merchandise design. His research reveals two fundamental flaws in the prototype view that is based on two psychological assumptions. The first one is that work will only be motiva ting to the extent that it resembles free assume and the second that workers need to have autonomy. Adler states that the standard critique of Taylorism is that it presents the payoff of the workers as the only source of motivation to get them going.Adler also argued that when workers develop positive feelings towards their job and perceive Taylorism as an effective way of accomplishing the task, then low individual and team autonomy can co-exist with high morale. (Buchanan,2010,pg 444 445). Buchanan (2010, pg 428) also commented that in that respect are several(prenominal) critiques that disagree with Taylorism bringing efficiency to an organization based on this principle. The first one was because it assumes that the motivation of an employee was to gain maximum payoff for their hard work and overlook the importance of the other rewards such as creation given recognition and securement.This will cause workers to feel that they are not appreciated and are world used as too ls to do the job. Secondly, it failed to explain to the workers the use of implementing new procedures, being timed and closely supervised all the time. Workers will not enjoy being watched all the time, as it would make them feel like a prisoner. It also makes them feel uncomfortable as to not having any privacy at work. However, the Gilbreths came up with their own study through developing Taylorism showing their agreement with Taylors second principle. Frank Gilbreth tudied motion and time of job to analyse how long it would top for a person to complete the given task which then lead to the development of a system called therbligs which is formed from elementary movements, each having its own image and colour. His research then lead him to developing a standard time for each job element, and this is still being used till today for scheming the wage payment systems. As for Lilian Gilbreth, she contributed psychologically. She studied motions to eliminate unnecessary actions and to reduce fatigue watchd by workers.She figured that if she could succeed it would increase the work rate of a worker to maximize productivity. She introduced rest periods, placing chairs at the workplace resting area, and instituted holidays with pay. Changes were also made to the heating, lighting and ventilation of the workplace. This may have been a new renewing for the workers as it improved their work life and gave them motivation to do their jobs. (Buchanan, 2010,pg 429 430). The third principle is Scientific selection of the person to do the newly designed job.Henry Ford did a great job in doing so as he became famous for his way of mass-production that benefited his organization. Ford applied the principles of rationalization whereby employees are allocated aboveboard tasks that are carefully designed to gain maximum efficiency from the workers. Ford replaced skilled craftsmen with machines therefore eliminating the need for skilled workers. He boosted up production of the cars that could only be done with just manpower but critics argued that Fords technique was destroying craftsmanship and de-skilling jobs.In the workers view, this was more of an issue about identifying the right task for butcherly workers to do who would otherwise not enjoy their work and be demoralized which could lead to legion(predicate) problems later on if not solved. The same critics also assert that short cycle repetitive jobs are the cause of workers being treated like a machine, alienated and stressful. (Buchanan, 2010,pg 431 435) A research on the Braverman thesis shows more criticisms were made about Braverman and his deskilling thesis that disagrees with this principle as well. Buchanan cited from (high noon and Blyton, 2007 (pp. 57-159) Fincham and Rhodes, 2005) which shows a couple of criticism such as Taylorism ignoring alternative management strategies like making a choice between using Taylorism to deskill a job position or to let the workers gain autonom y. Employee empowerment would definitely provide better worker interchangeability that allows better assembly line balancing. At the same time, employees will not be deskilled and the management gets to take control over the labour process. Another criticism was that it exaggerated about the managements objective of controlling labour.The thesis underestimated the complexity and diversity about management objectivity and plurality of interests. Direct labour will take up a small proportion of the total cost of a product and it may not be significant as it was in the past compared to today. The third criticism was that workers were being treated passively. There have been unions and individual resistance towards deskilling, as workers were not being treated sensibly as they were forced to do a specific job that does not require their skill they have to be put to good use.In the end, the workers skill will deteriorate until he loses it completely. The next one was the underestimatio n of the employees consent and accommodation whereby workers will welcome Taylorism once they understand the importance of it and traffic pattern it for years. Fifth, it ignores gender. In the past, men have ever so been the one who have been developing working skills and were more capable of doing work. That brought a disadvantage to the women as they were being compared to men. They unnoted the possibilities that women may also be able to do other jobs such as office jobs. Buchanan,2010, pg 440 441) The fourth principle is The training of the selected worker to perform the job in the way specified and from this principle came about the upskilling position which gave importance towards human capital. Companies invested in their workforce by providing education and training to help them have a better understanding of their work and how to do it right. This will help managers to identify which worker is capable of doing which job they will be assigned to. in addition that, it wi ll generate higher level of skills among employees that most work required during those times.The fifth principle is the Surveillance of workers through the use of hierarchies of authority and close inadvertence. Harry Braverman developed the Braverman where he saw scientific management as a method of directly controlling fellow employees. Managers reduced the autonomy and address of workers in how they perform their jobs, thereby deskilling their work in order to gain more control over them. Braveman concluded two types of deskilling technique and they are, firstly, organizational deskilling which involves Taylors separation of task conception from task execution that all problems are to be solved by the supervisor.The second one is technological deskilling that is replacing the workers with machines to achieve a better rate of production. (Buchanan, 2010,pg 436 437) Max Weber also agreed to this principle stating that rational-legal authority was increasingly supplanting forms of authority which comes from a set of rules, procedures and duties. This authority is empowered to the person in charge, for example, the Chief Executive Officer of an organization. Eventhough the person holding the position may change, the empowerment the job position holds still maintains the same.There always have to be someone who oversees the entire organization and manage it. Just like a country, without the government the country will not be in order but instead be in chaos. Weber defines this type of organization being set by rules and a series of hierarchical relationship. It helps make use of principles of systemization, division of labour and authority. Weber stated that his theory represented the most technical and rational form of an organization and it was confirmed when his theory stretch out like wildfire throughout the state as organizations were implementing his theory. Grey,2009, pg 22-23) From what I have studied about scientific management and its theories abo ut how it has been applied throughout the years I would agree that scientific management does creates an efficient organization. It has dramatically improved our work life today if compared to the old days where workers were mistreated, low rate of production and many more. Scientific management have been developing over the years and along side it there were ups and downs but I have to say that in the world today, it has definitely brought significant changes to organizations.As I have worked before at several hotels, I have experienced these changes such as following procedures and rules while working which is fine by me as it tells me what I should do and be more systematic. While I was working in the F&B department, everyday there will be tasks assigned to each staff so that everyone knows what they are supposed to do and to prevent miscommunication between one another. I felt very comfortable and I did my job well following it with little problems. Another example would be with the help of technology everything goes faster and smoother through my experience in the front office department.In the front office department, guest records used to be manually written down in a book and it would be a hassle to find out if the guest stayed there before but now we have computers where we can just enter a guests information within a minute and check it at anytime and any second. Everything will be recorded in the computer therefore making it available to other departments so that they could get information on a certain guest. In conclusion, surely there are advantages and disadvantages in scientific management but that is what that makes it improve and develop over the years.There may be people who disagree with me but I stand firm on my decision that scientific management does create an efficient organization and I also look forward to see what new changes it will bring in the near future. Referances Buchanan, D. and Huczynski, A. (2010),Organizational Behaviour, Harlow, financial Times/ Prentice Hall (7th edition), Grey, C. (2009) A very short and fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about studying organizations, (2nd edition), London, Sage Publications Ltd Noon M. and Blyton P. (2007), The Realities of Work, (3rd edition), Gordonsville,Palgrave Macmillan

Fin 419 Week 5 Team Assignment with Answers

Principles of managerial Finance FIN/419 P12. 4 Break even analysis. Barry Carter is considering opening a music store. He wants to estimate the number of CDs he must care to break even. The CDs will be sold for $13. 98 each, variable operating(a) costs are $10. 48 per CD, and annual fixed operating costs are $73,500. A) Find the operating breakeven point in number of CDs. Q= FC / P- VC Q= 73,500 / 13. 98 10. 48 Q= 21,000 CDs B) Calculate the total operating costs at the breakeven volume found in social function a. EBIT= Q x (P VC) FC EBIT= 21,000 x (13. 98 10. 48) 73,500 EBIT= 21,000 x 3. 5 73,500EBIT= 0 C) If Barry estimates that at a borderline he can sell 2,000 CDs per month, should he go into the music business? 2,000 CDs per month x 12 months = 24,000 CDs. Since the operating breakeven point in number of CDs is 21,000, this factor that Barry will sell 3,000 more CDs that will be a profit. Depending on Barrys outcome of the music store, if he were to go into the music business and sell 2,000 CDs a month, he would make a profit. The profit would not be that much more above the operating breakeven point however, it will still be a profit. I would take the chance and go into the music business.D) How much EBIT will Barry realize if he sells the minimum 2,000 CDs per month noted in part c? EBIT= Q x (P VC) FC EBIT= 24,000 x (13. 98 10. 48) 73,500 EBIT= 24,000 x 3. 5 73,500 EBIT= 10,500 P12-11 a. $0. 38 b. $1. 28 c. $1. 94 Ebit $24,600 $30,600 $35,000 less interest $9,600 $9,600 $9,600 shed light on profits before taxes $15,000 $21,000 $25,400 Les Taxes $6,000 $8,400 $10,160 benefit profits after taxes $9,000 $12,600 $15,240 Less preferred stock dividends $7,500 $7,500 $7,500 Earings available for common $1,500 $5,100 $7,740 Earings per share $0. 8 $1. 28 $1. 94 a b c P12-24. consolidativeoptimal capital structure Intermediate a. Debt Ratio 0% 15% 30% 45% 60% EBIT $2,000,000 $2,000,000 $2,000,000 $2,000,000 $2,000,000 Less Interest 0 120,000 270,000 540,000 900,000 EBT $2,000,000 $1,880,000 1,730,000 $1,460,000 $1,100,000 ? Taxes 40% 800,000 752,000 692,000 584,000 440,000 Net profit $1,200,000 $1,128,000 $1,038,000 $ 876,000 $ 660,000 Less Preferred dividends 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 Profits available to ?common stock $1,000,000 $ 928,000 $ 838,000 $ 676,000 $ 460,000 shares outstanding 200,000 170,000 140,000 110,000 80,000 EPS $ 5. 00 $ 5. 46 $ 5. 99 $ 6. 15 $ 5. 75 b. Debt 0%Debt 15% Debt 30%Debt 45% Debt 60% c. The optimal capital structure would be 30% debt and 70% equity because this is the debt/equity mix that maximizes the price of the common stock. Chapter 16 trouble 16. For each of the loanword amounts, interest rates, annual payments, and loan terms shown in the following table, calculate the annual interest paid each year oer the term of the loan, assuming that the payments are made at the end of each year. Loan Amount Rate Annual Paym ent Term (in years) Interest pay Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 A $14,000 10% $4,416 4 $1400 $1098. 40 $766. 64 $401. 70 B 17,500 12% 10,355 2 2100 1109. 40 C 2,400 13% 1,017 3 312 220. 35 116. 79 D 49,000 14% 14,273 5 6860 5822. 18 4639. 06 3290. 31 1752. 3 E 26,500 16% 7191 6 4240 3767. 84 3220. 13 2584. 80 1847. 80 992. 89 Problem 16. 5 Lease versus acquire Northwest Lumber Company needs to expand its facilities. To do so, the soused must acquire a machine costing $80,000. The machine can be leased or purchased. The firm is in the 40% tax bracket, and its after-tax cost of debt is 9%. The terms of the lease and purchase plans are as follows Lease The leasing governing body requires end-of-year payments of $19,800 over 5 years. All maintenance costs will be paid by the lessor insurance and other costs will be borne by the lessee.The lessee will exercise its option to purchase the asset for $24,000 at termination of the lease. Purchase If the firm purchase s the machine, its cost of $80,000 will be financed with a 5-year, 14% loan requiring equal end-of-year payments of $23,302. The machine will be depreciated under MACRS utilize a 5-year recovery period. (See Table 3. 2 on page 108 for the applicable depreciation percentages. ) The firm will pay $2,000 per year for a service contract that covers all maintenance costs insurance and other costs will be borne by the firm.The firm plans to keep the equipment and use it beyond its 5-year recovery period. a. Determine the after-tax cash outflows of Northwest Lumber under each alternative. Year Lease after-tax outflows Purchase after-tax outflows 1 $11,880 $13,622 2 11,880 10,459. 71 3 11,880 15,391. 10 4 11,880 18,512. 89 5 35,880 19,516. 93 b. Find the present treasure of each after-tax cash outflow stream, using the after-tax cost of debt. Year PV of outflows (Lease) PV of outflows (Purchase) 1 $10,893. 96 $12,491. 37 2 10,002. 96 8,807 3 9,171. 6 11,881. 93 4 8,411. 04 13,107. 13 5 23 ,322 12,686. 00 Total $61,801. 32 $58,973. 51 c. Which alternativelease or purchasewould you recommend? Why? The alternative that I would recommend is the purchase option because it has the lower present value of after-tax cash outflows as well as the most desirable. It is the most desirable because by purchasing the machine would be a less costly alternative. References Gitman, L. J. (2009). Principles of Managerial Finance (12th ed. ). Retrieved from https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader. aspx.

Baler – Reaction Paper

We spent two hours inside classroom. I power saw a lot, discovered new ideas, thought of filling my senses, felt all the lines in the movie. But when I was about to go out, there seems to be something lacking. Its desire something is not reaching my stomach. It was like turn in my throat too early. The movie is acceptable. Full of good intentions. Intentions to deliver good performances, to tell a good story, to educate and entertain, to transport the viewer to a period worth knowing, to render good picture palace experience.This movie is based on history which is the Siege of Baler that happened near the end of the Philippine-Spanish War, wherein 57 soldiers hid inside a church against Filipino rebel troops. The major events and officials involved in the movie are real people, like Captain Enrique de Las Morenas, the commander of 57 man Spanish detachment of the Second Expeditionary Rifle Battalion. The siege of Baler is the backdrop of this movie, scarce the story is focused on the romance of half(a)-Spanish Half Filipino soldier who is Celso Resurreccion (Jericho Rosales), and a native of Baler, Quezon, who is Feliza Reyes (Anne Curtis).Watching the main characters on how they portray the characters are funny. Jericho doesnt look like Half Spanish. Also Anne wherein she is a native of Baler. She is not qualified to be one. Good thing she act fountainhead enough. Cinematography is not that good. Some are excellent but some are dull. The fight guess at the start looked like a montage. But it lacked spirit, doesnt affect much the viewer. The church looked genuinely fake. Even in the scene where Feliza is reading a love letter. It was dark, she was holding the lamp under the love letter, but how come she still be able to read it? All in all, the movie is good.Although I utter in the beginning its not good enough. My expectations arent met. For the record, I dont find studying the Siege of Baler. This served as a good source of my knowledge on our heri tage. Baler Un Libro de reaccion para espanoles Pasamos make horas dentro de clase. Vi un monton, descubierto nuevas ideas, pensamiento de llenar mis sentidos, sintio todas las lineas en la pelicula. Pero cuando estaba a punto de salir, parece que hay algo que falta. Es como si algo no esta llegando a mi estomago. Era como disuelto en la garganta antes de tiempo. La pelicula es aceptable. Lleno de buenas intenciones.Las intenciones de entregar buenos resultados, para contar una buena historia, educar y entretener, para transportar al espectador a un periodo vale la pena conocer, a hacer experiencia de cine bueno. Esta pelicula esta basada en la historia que es el Sitio de Baler que ocurrio cerca del final de la guerra filipino-espanol, en el que 57 soldados se escondio dentro de una iglesia en contra de las tropas rebeldes filipinos. Los eventos principales y funcionarios involucrados en la pelicula intelligence personas reales, como el capitan de Las Morenas Enrique, el comandant e del destacamento hombre de 57 espanoles del Batallon Expedicionario Rifle Segunda.El asedio de Baler es el telon de fondo de esta pelicula, pero la historia se centra en el romance de Half-espanolas mitad soldado filipino que es Celso Resurreccion (Jericho Rosales), y un nativo de Baler, Quezon, que es Feliza Reyes (Anne Curtis ). Viendo a los personajes principales en como retratan los personajes son divertidos. Jericho no se parece a la mitad espanoles. Tambien Anne donde ella es originaria de Baler. Ella no esta calificado para ser uno. Menos mal que actuar lo suficientemente bien. Cinematografia no es tan bueno. Algunos son excelentes, pero algunos son aburridos.La escena de la pelea al principio parecia un montaje. Pero carecia de espiritu, no afecta mucho al espectador. La iglesia se veia muy falso. Incluso en la escena en la que Feliza esta leyendo una carta de amor. Estaba oscuro, que sostenia la lampara bajo la carta de amor, pero ?como es que ella todavia ser capaz de le erlo? En conjunto, la pelicula es buena. Aunque he dicho al principio que no es lo suficientemente bueno. Mis expectativas no se cumplen. Para que conste, no me acuerdo el estudio del asedio de Baler. Esto sirvio como una buena fuente de mi conocimiento sobre nuestro patrimonio.

Familiar Writing Style

Speech without circumlocution sometimes can hurt others heart. tact n. The ability to do or say things without offending or upsetting other people Ex) SAT evaluates students tact to visualise a college level education. 6. Appeal to reasonity citation of information from people recognized for their special acquaintance of a subject for the purpose of strengthening a speaker or writers arguments.Causal relationship of, involving, or constituting a cause in a relationship cause and effect relationships Declamation a rhetorical exercise or set speech. Capricious given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior. Conciliatory intended or likely to placate or pacify. Contemplative expressing or involving prolonged thought. Glib (of words or the individual speaking them) fluent and voluble but insincere and shallow. Linguistic the scientific study of language and its structure, including the handicraft of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics.Pretentious attempting to impress by affecting greater importance, talent, culture, etc. , than is actually possessed. Strident loud and harsh grating. 7. L. The author put an anecdote about general misconceptions of familiar writing style on line 1-3. By criticizing the ideas which are opposite to his statement, his thesis can gain more power. This skill is the reduction to absurdity. II. The author use an antithesis on line 7-10. The author emphasized his idea through contrasting his idea with wrong conception.

Is Creativity Essential in Learning?

After the review of three elt designer approaches-the unsounded way, suggestopedia and total physical response, we have devised our own philosophy of teaching. We confide that creativity is essential to listening and if the students atomic number 18 making an effort on their part and discovering things for themselves the factor of self-reliance is evolved and since the students are active and autonomous in exploration so the learning would be more rough-and-ready. We believe that for speech learners, the language would present itself as a problem or a riddle to be solved.Learners are required to engage with the language and try to discover and explore it. We believe that peer cooperation is an important factor in learning. This enhances the level of reliance and patience among the students and students learn a lot from each other but matchless drawback to this is that they also learn each others mistakes. Furthermore, students are asked to review and overview what they have l earned in the class. It is by this activity of self chastisement through self-awareness that the students learn to deconstruct and thusly reconstruct.We believe that the intention of sound-color chart is really effective in language learning. This chart contains all the sounds of the target language in different colors. Students learn syllables, words and then sentences of the target language through these charts. We believe that the psychological barriers that students bring with them be desuggested. These can be desuggested twain by direct and indirect way. Once the student succeeds to clear his doubts and fear, his performance in learning impart become quite easy and effective. We believe that activating the learners imagination bequeath advocate learning.For slip, the learners can perform or take up a post or character in the target language that could place them inside the language they are learning. We also believe that when the students are exposed to the information as part of an environment, they grasp it more conveniently with less effort. The use of charts and posters related to the target language are one example of this. Moreover, the teachers authoritative usage is of prime importance. The main role of the teacher is to deconstruct the self-perceived barriers and to encourage and support the students so that they have complete confidence in themselves.This would improve and enhance their learning ability. Error toleration encourages the students to learn from their mistakes and improve upon. lyric poem is more effective when it is fun and here the main focus is on the spoken language. The use of commands in language learning makes it interesting. A complete lesson can be designed on the verbs by employing this technique. For example Slice some bread. Spread the butter to all corners of bread. Put piece of meat on one slice of bread. We believe that the use of The Arts incorporate fun in the class and the students can respect their le arning.The Arts enables suggestions to reach the subconscious of students. This method maintains a modest enthusiasm among the students. We believe that students should be promote to understand the target language before speaking. This method will provide the quick response from students. This will activate the learners imagination and help in learning. Motor activities involved plays an important role upon the cognitive learning of students . We believe that humor in the class make students stress-free and learning is more effective when students are in a relaxed state of mind.

Technology: Sociology and James Stacey Taylor

Kenneth Hunter Dr. Carpenter PL401 13 November 2012 James Stacey Taylor In measure of Big Brother This essay will argue the foretell on why we should learn to impediment worrying and love (some) political relation surveillance. James Stacey Taylors idea ab disclose government surveillance supervise for each one state will blow you away or open your eyes. I will excrete attention to some good points, bad points, and my beliefs and why I think this way about his view. By the end of this essay I hope to have answered your entire question on this topic of interest. Which is government surveillance could be a positive or negative problem for people?The first interrogative sentence to be address is how Dyson explained his pessimistic doubts that technological innovations frequently serve to increase social oppression and inequality. I will answer this in a two part answers, in which I will promulgate you how Dyson look at engine room was used and who benefited from the changes. D yson started addressing his pessimistic doubts with examples from history and his own life sentence. He talked about how technology started out in the fourteenth century with printing becoming the first technology transformation in Europe.With this spic-and-span invention, people all through Europe had the able to have books to read and educate themselves as well as their fellow countrymen by educating themselves. The technology of printing gave power to the reproduction of the Bible which light-emitting diode directly to the Protestant Reformation in Northern Europe. By using the technology the Protestant ethical code carried it with perpetual striving for social justice a vision that was seldom achieved. The next things Dyson begin pointing out was the sensibleness of technology which led the way for social justice during the next two centuries.Dyson talked about how public run such as clean water, sewage treatment, antibiotics and vaccines helped with bring the gap between l avish and poor closer. The campaign for this as he pointed out was these technologies were effective in protecting the rich from contagion and sickness if in any case available to poor. So, with being said in some countries where public health technologies are in compel by law there is no large gaps. He also talked about how technologies starting reservation synthetic materials to bridge the gaps by introduced fake furs, brilliant colors and silk.By doing this everyone was able to expend clothes of way and no was able to tell a person social class by the clothes they wore. So where does the social oppression exactly begin for people? Will I believe it start with new technology and gadgets introduce to social as new a break way to something done. What I think about by this statement for example the IPhone or any smartphone. While everyone has a cellphone to communicate with conversance and family a simple function so we think. Then technology comes along a change the mealy with apps, internet, and built-in cameras all in a phone that cost about $600 in the beginning.Only people that could afford this new slack technology were the people with money and then newer one hit the social introduction pushing the older version to be affordable for everyone. So, point is like a new toy we get at Christmas time that you didnt want your friends to touch because we have to keep it for self. Until we are tire and no longer wanting to play with it and the newest has wears off, we are more apt to allow others to enjoy it, as long as there is something better or newer to replace the old one. So, gaps are made with each turn of new technology pushing the way.In mop up, Dyson hope technology is used to equally by everyone rich and poor. I believe he pointed out everything that would equally shared by all people no matter their social status. Technology and Social Justice will always have some cause of gaps between people because money is driving force behind new t echnology. Dyson never pointed this out notwithstanding know these gaps were between rich and poor. At the end of his essay said there was no ill-treat to hope. I can see your point on this because Kurzweil took you on ride on many things.From a computer storage stand point look at what we start with 250mb and now we are at 3Tb for storing information. We are growing at a rate that could way out of control or in our control that is the question? We have to understand what direction these things are taking us because it will be a limit to our growth. Kurzweil know that with growth in time bad things would follow and would have to be ready to protect our self. While reading the case against perfection by Michael Sandel he pointed out a lot of thing we do as humans to modify ourselves by technology. Things like muscles in nhancement to improve our muscle loss from old age but when technology is used for performance enhancement, running, weight lifting, and understructure slugger are just to name a few. The able to change person genes before up to now being born is wrong on so many levels. The ethics surrounding this theory wouldnt allow humans to humans anymore. Everyone is born different for a reason and everyone is given their on largess at birth. By using this type of technology to change who we are would cause more funny farm then good. Like Sandel pointed with the cloned sheep Dolly which died prematurely with abnormalities was unsafe.The sad truth behind all this type of technology is no matter how we try to change or improve it the cycle death in the end. Sandel point I believe is we have a right to choose our own path in life and should only everything to change our unique able to be different. In Preventing a Brave New humanity (pp. 317-329), Leon Kass concludes that reproductive and therapeutic cloning of human embryos is unethical. What are the exact steps in Kasss argument for this conclusion? What is your assessment of the strengths and weakne sses of this argument?

Jawaharlal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri , pronounced d a r? la? l ? ne ru? 14 November 188927 May 19644) was an Indian assertsman who was the commencement ceremony (and to examine the dourest- fate) gush look of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the dealering figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the copulation ships company to hire office as freelance Indias early quality Minister, and re-elected when the relation back Party win Indias first everyday choice in 1952.As one of the fo unders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was in addition an important figure in the world(prenominal) authorities of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (pandit being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific intend savant or teacher) and, specific follower in India, as Panditji (with -ji being a honorific suffix). The give-and-take of a cockeyed Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the c oition Party when all the same sensibly young.Rising to blend Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the bulky struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was eventually recognise as Gandhis goernmental heir. Through go forth his livelihood, Nehru was alike an advocate for Fabian lovingism and the macrocosm sector as the agency by which long-standing challenges of economic maturement could be treated by short(p)er nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (18611931) and Swaroop Rani (18631954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) argon Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit Seated Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educated in India and Britain. In Engl and, he be the free-lance boys school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was as well as kn receive as Joe Nehru. During his beat in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru. 5678910 On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen socio-economic class grey Kamala Kaul. In the irst year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. edit Life and career Nehru raised the flag of fissiparous India in natural Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence.Nehrus appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coup lead with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognise to bear guided him in formulating collective policies that influence India to this day. They also reflect the tenderist origins of his worldview. His lady friend, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of India. edit Successor to Gandhi On 15 J anuary 1941 Gandhi tell, Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It testament read oft more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the measure we became co- rub downers and to that degree I bear said for close to eld and say so now that non Rajaji tho Jawaharlal will be my successor. 11 edit Indias first Prime Minister adolescent Murti Bhavan, Nehrus residence as Prime Minister, now a m callum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for impart of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an interim g everywherenment, which was mutilateed by prohibitedbreaks of communal force out and form _or_ system of goernment-making dis de nameine, and the op locating of the Moslem League conduct by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a sepa govern Muslim submit of Pakistan. afterwards fai take bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the zone of India, accordin g to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled A Tryst With Destiny Long eld ago we do a allotment with destiny, and now the time comes hen we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in liberal measure, notwithstanding very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A effect comes, which comes ex doingly rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the pertly, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is commensurate that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her peck and to the pipe down bigger cause of humanity. 12 However, this period was marked with intense communal violence.This violence swept crossways the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and anformer(a)(prenominal) part of India. Nehru conducted j oint tourscitation needed with Pakistani leading to encourage peace and calm angry and disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply touch on Nehru, who called for a ceasefirecitation needed and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in backup the appropriation of Hyderabad State.In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his individualised affairs. to a lower place his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming major(ip)ity in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehrus official residence to go by to him and became his uninterrupted comrade in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehrus chief of staff. Nehrus study in Teen Murti Bhavan. edit scotch policies Nehru presided o ver the introduction of a modified, Indian version of introduce planning and control over the economy.Creating the plan counsel of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the governments investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing commerce and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a abstruse economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electrimetropolis and wakeless industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistri exception and launched programmes to work irrigation canals, dams and crack the use of fertilizers to augment untaught roduction. He also pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at bed cover diverse cottage industries and change magnitude efficiency into agrestic India. While encouraging the device of medium-large dams (which Nehru called the new temples of India), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Ne hru also launched Indias programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehrus term as heyday minister of religion, India would track to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial indemnity Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,13 yet secern planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindu rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty continue to plague the population. edit Education and social crystallise Jawaharlal Nehru was a ireate advocate of training for Indias children and youth, believing it essential for Indias future progress.His government oversaw the physical composition of legion(predicate) institutions of higher(prenominal) learning, including the All India show of checkup Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru also outlined a perpetration in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of Indias children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the macrocosm of piling crossroads enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free draw and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition.Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, peculiarly in the rural areas. to a lower place Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste contrariety and increase the sub judice rights and social freedoms of women141516 17 A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to do away with the social inequalities and disadvantages face by peoples of the scheduled cas tes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. edit bailiwick certification and external constitution See also Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led pertly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet league competed to cave in India an ally throughout the Cold War. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacificism and a unfaltering paladin of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the gibe axis vertebras of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples Republic of china soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc go on relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and ref apply to brand the C hinese as the aggressors in their dispute with Korea. 18 He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intercessor to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN reply and as Nehru grew progressively wary of the U. N. , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the trance of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had antecedently supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) duologue to Pakistan patriarchal minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 visit to Karachi. Nehru was hailed b y many for working to defuse global tensions and the little terror of nuclear weapons. 19 He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called these rattling(a) engines of destruction. He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own. 20 In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, french and Israelis. distrust and distrust cooled relations between India and the U. S. , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. evaluate the arbitration of the UK and institution Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to nail down long-standing disputes nigh sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. edit Final years Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen , S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the Congress to a major advantage in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotismcitation needed, although really Nehru had disapproved of her election, part because he considered it smacked of dynastism he said, indeed it was wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing, and refused her a position in his cabinet. 21 Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy most notably, she used his oft-stated in the flesh(predicate) deference to the Congress works commissioning to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. 21 Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was psychic trauma by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an personal identity independent of her father. 4Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehrus foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehrus decision to grant political asylum to the fourteenth Dalai Lama. after years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to invade Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It change magnitude his normality, but he was criticized the use of military force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a squandered majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. Public viewing of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964 the gun stance used for his state funeral was later used for the state funeral of Mother TeresaSince 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the send on Policy of mise en scene up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in dominion not previously controlled by India. 22 China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no land as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was wide criticised for his governments insufficient attention to defense reaction. In response, Nehru despoiled the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U. S. military aid, but Nehrus health began declining steadily, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians associate this spectacular decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a lese majesty of trust. 23 Upon his recall from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the be propagation hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. edit legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru contend a major determination in shaping ripe Indias government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehrus education policy is also credited for the development of world- path educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,24 Indian Institutes of Technology,25 and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man Neh ru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I dont think others qualification take over succeeded in doing. Sir Isaiah Berlin26 In addition, Nehrus stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also tool policies which accented grossness among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British insularism from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as affiliate against a park adversary.While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the home(a) confine Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organised the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, Integrate or perish. 27 edit memorial Nehru pass out sweets to children in Nongp oh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely value across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Divas (Childrens Day) in identification of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru ashes a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory.Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Partys manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was slavish in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Many documentaries well-nigh Nehrus life have been produced. He h as also been portrayed in fictionalised films.The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him trine times in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehrus The uncovering of India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj. 28 In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by benjamin Gilani. Nehrus personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today digression from bestow his shape to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and occupation load. Nehrus residence in Delhi is pres erved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to recall Nehru and his familys legacy. edit literature Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of humankind History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. edit Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour. 29 edit Criticism D. D. Kosambi, a well-known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his member for the middle class class exploitation of Nehrus socialist ideology. 30Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as do the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in prefer of a more decentralised India. The split between the ii was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal animosity bet ween the two leaders led to the partition of India. 3132 Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah. Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri , pronounced d a r? la? l ? ne ru? 14 November 188927 May 19644) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent Indias first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congress Party won Indias first general election in 1952.As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (pandit being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning scholar or teacher) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with -ji being a honorific suffix). The son of a wealthy Indian barrister and polit ician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress Party when still fairly young.Rising to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhis political heir. Throughout his life, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (18611931) and Swaroop Rani (18631954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit Seated Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educated in In dia and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boys school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was also known as Joe Nehru. During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru. 5678910 On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the irst year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. edit Life and career Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence.Nehrus appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coupled with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating socialist policies that influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of India. edit Successor to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. 11 edit Indias first Prime Minister Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehrus residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his in augural address titled A Tryst With Destiny Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes hen we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. 12 However, this period was marked with intense communal violence.This violence swept across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of India. Nehru conducted joint tourscitation needed with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry and disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Mu slims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefirecitation needed and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehrus official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehrus chief of staff. Nehrus study in Teen Murti Bhavan. edit Economic policies Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy.Creating the Planning commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the governments investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural roduction. He also pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru called the new temples of India), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched Indias programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehrus term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the Indu strial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,13 yet state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindu rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty continued to plague the population. edit Education and social reform Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for Indias children and youth, believing it essential for Indias future progress.His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of Indias children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programm es and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition.Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas. Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women141516 17 A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. edit National security and foreign policy See also Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United S tates and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. 18 He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U. N. , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) talks to Pakistan prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 visit to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons. 19 He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called these frightful engines of destruction. He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be u naffordable for developing countries such as his own. 20 In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between India and the U. S. , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. edit Final years Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotismcitation needed, although actually Nehru had disapp roved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of dynastism he said, indeed it was wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing, and refused her a position in his cabinet. 21 Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. 21 Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was hurt by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father. 4Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehrus foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehrus decision to grant political asylum to the 14th Dalai Lam a. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to invade Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It increased his popularity, but he was criticized the use of military force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. Public viewing of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964 the gun carriage used for his state funeral was later used for the state funeral of Mother TeresaSince 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the Forward Policy of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India. 22 China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no territory as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was widely criticised for his governments insufficient attention to defence. In response, Nehru sacked the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U. S. military aid, but Nehrus health began declining steadily, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust. 23 Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. edit Legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern Ind ias government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehrus education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,24 Indian Institutes of Technology,25 and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I dont think others might have succeeded in doing. Sir Isaiah Berlin26 In addition, Nehrus stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, Integrate or perish. 27 edit Commemoration Nehru hands out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Divas (Childrens Day) in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his m emory.Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Partys manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Many documentaries about Nehrus life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films.The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him three times in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehrus The Discovery of India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj. 28 In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Nehrus personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today aside from lending his name to a kin d of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehrus residence in Delhi is preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his familys legacy. edit Writings Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. edit Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour. 29 edit Criticism D. D. Kosambi, a well-known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie class exploit ation of Nehrus socialist ideology. 30Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the partition of India. 3132 Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah. Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri , pronounced d a r? la? l ? ne ru? 14 November 188927 May 19644) was an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the Congress Party to assume office as independent Indias first Prime Minister, and re-elected when the Congres s Party won Indias first general election in 1952.As one of the founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru (pandit being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning scholar or teacher) and, specifically in India, as Panditji (with -ji being a honorific suffix). The son of a wealthy Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a leader of the left wing of the Congress Party when still fairly young.Rising to become Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was eventually recognized as Gandhis political heir. Throughout his life, Nehru was also an advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations. Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (18611931) and Swaroop Rani (18631954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.The Nehru family Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and Ranjit Pandit Seated Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927). Nehru was educated in India and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boys school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was also known as Joe Nehru. During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru. 5678910 On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the irst year of the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini. edit Life and career Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day India gained Independence.Nehrus appreciation of the virtu es of parliamentary democracy, secularism and liberalism, coupled with his concerns for the poor and underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating socialist policies that influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of India. edit Successor to Gandhi On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor. 11 edit Indias first Prime Minister Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehrus residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory. Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to propose plans for transfer of power.Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, whic h was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India, according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled A Tryst With Destiny Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes hen we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity. 12 However, this period was marked with intense communal violence.This violence swept across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of India. Nehru conducted joint tourscitation needed with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry and disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefirecitation needed and UN intervention to stop the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in supporting the annexation of Hyderabad State.In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehrus official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehrus chief of staff. Nehrus study in Teen Murti Bhavan. edit Economic policies Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and control over the economy.Creating the Planning commission of India, Nehru drew up the first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the governments investments in industries and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining, electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise. Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals, dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural roduction. He also pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at spreading diverse cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the construction of large dams (which Nehru called the new temples of India), irrigation works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched Indias programme to harness nuclear energy. For most of Nehrus term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production.Nehrus industrial policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,13 yet state planning, controls and regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindu rate of growth at 2. 5% per annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty continued to plague the population. edit Education and social reform Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for Indias children and youth, believing it essential for Indias future progress.H is government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of Indias children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to fight malnutrition.Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas. Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women141516 17 A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the s ocial inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government. edit National security and foreign policy See also Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India an ally throughout the Cold War. On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the U. S. and the U. S.S. R. Recognising the Peoples Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nat ions and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea. 18 He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc. Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U. N. , he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah, whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him. His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.Jawaharlal Nehru (right) talks to Pakistan prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left) during his 1953 visit to Karachi. Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons. 19 He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called these frightful engines of destruction. He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own. 20 In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between India and the U. S. , which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region. edit Final years Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S.Ra dhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra RoyNehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged nepotismcitation needed, although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly because he considered it smacked of dynastism he said, indeed it was wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing, and refused her a position in his cabinet. 21 Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his own objections. 21 Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary traditio n, and was hurt by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father. 4Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehrus foreign policy suffered through increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehrus decision to grant political asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorized the Indian Army to invade Goa in 1961, and then he annexed it to India. It increased his popularity, but he was criticized the use of military force. In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority.Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well. Public viewing of Nehrus body, which lies in state, in 1964 the gun carriage used for his state funeral was later used for the state funeral of Mother TeresaSince 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the Forward Policy of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India. 22 China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no territory as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of Indias military, and Nehru was widely criticised for his governments insufficient attention to defence. In response, Nehru sacked the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U. S. military aid, but Nehrus health began declining steadily, and he spent months recuperating in Kashmir through 1963.Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust. 23 Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River, witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds. edit Legacy Nehrus statue in Aldwych, London.As Indias first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern Indias government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education, reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehrus education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,24 Indian Institutes of Technology,25 and the Indian Institutes of Management. Nehru was a great man Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I dont think others might have succeeded in doing. Sir Isaiah Berlin26 In addition, Nehrus stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities. This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary.While differences of culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, Integrate or perish. 27 edit Commemoration Nehru hands out sweets to children in Nongpoh Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp.In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India an d was widely admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November, is celebrated in India as Baal Divas (Childrens Day) in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory.Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi cap, and his mannerisms. Nehrus ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress Partys manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and the national government. Many documentaries about Nehrus life have been produced. He has also been portrayed in fictionalised films.The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who played him three t imes in Richard Attenboroughs 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegals 1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehrus The Discovery of India, and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj. 28 In Ketan Mehtas film Sardar, Nehru was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Nehrus personal preference for the sherwani ensured that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today aside from lending his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference for that style.Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehrus memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehrus residence in Delhi is preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Neh ru and his familys legacy. edit Writings Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Towards Freedom. edit Awards In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour. 29 edit Criticism D. D. Kosambi, a well-known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his article for the bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehrus socialist ideology. 30Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of partition. It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the partition of India. 3132 Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah.